[Research advances on the application of skin appendage organoids in wound repair]

Skin wounds are often accompanied by structural damage and functional loss of appendages such as hair follicles and sweat glands, which cannot be fully restored by conventional repair methods. The development of skin organoid technology provides a new avenue to overcome this bottleneck. This article reviews the developmental history of skin organoids and systematically elaborates on the strategies and applications of skin appendage organoids in promoting functional skin regeneration. Furthermore, it analyzes the critical role of vascular and neural integration in improving the quality of wound repair. Finally, the article summarizes the current challenges associated with technologies such as stem cell induction, three-dimensional bioprinting, microfluidics, organ-on-a-chip, and air-liquid interface culture, and provides perspectives on the clinical translation of skin appendage organoids.