Unifying network connectivity from geodesics to random walks via the random cluster model

Connectivity is a fundamental concept in network science, characterizing how interactions propagate through indirect pathways. While numerous connectivity metrics exist, such as shortest paths, effective resistance and minimum cut, each highlighting distinct structural features, their relationships remain largely fragmented. Here we show that these classical notions arise as limiting cases of a unified statistical-physics framework based on the random cluster (RC) model, which interprets connectivity as a principled synthesis of series and parallel transmission. By tuning its parameters, the RC model not only recovers classical connectivity measures but also extrapolates into unexplored regimes, leading to emergent notions of connectivity which yield practical tools for network learning tasks. In particular, RC connectivity naturally encodes the kinetics of growing paths, enhancing learning performance in dynamical settings such as epidemic spreading and neurodynamics. By linking structural, dynamical, and learning-based perspectives, RC connectivity establishes a general and interpretable foundation for the analysis of networked systems.