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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

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Updated: Jul 1, 2026

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics
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Published on: September 15, 2020

Steps toward developing an algorithm to facilitate recognition of translational science.

Paul J Martin1,2,3, Brian E Saelens1,4,5, Theodore Johnson1

  • 1Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Understanding the difference between translational science (TS) and translational research (TR) is crucial. This study found fair agreement among experts, highlighting a need for clearer definitions and improved recognition of TS and TR in translational science initiatives.

Keywords:
Translational scienceclinical and translational science awardhub operationsresearch assessmenttranslational research

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical research
  • Translational science
  • Health sciences

Background:

  • Distinguishing between translational science (TS) and translational research (TR) is essential for effective grant applications, such as the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA).
  • A clear, shared understanding of TS and TR is needed among investigators and reviewers within CTSA hubs.
  • Previous efforts to define and differentiate TS and TR have faced challenges in achieving consensus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate the reliability of an instrument for distinguishing between translational science (TS) and translational research (TR).
  • To assess the current understanding and agreement on the definitions of TS and TR among faculty and staff in a CTSA hub.

Main Methods:

  • Faculty and staff reviewed published translational studies to classify them as TS or TR.
  • Two groups, with and without a detailed algorithm, assessed 42 publications.
  • Kappa statistics were used to measure inter-rater agreement for TS and TR determinations.

Main Results:

  • Median kappa coefficients indicated only fair agreement for both TS (0.39) and TR (0.22).
  • Agreement rates for TS were 0.61, 0.33, and 0.18 across different assessment sets.
  • Agreement rates for TR were 0.26, 0.11, and 0.40 across different assessment sets.
  • The provided algorithm did not demonstrably improve agreement on distinguishing TS from TR.

Conclusions:

  • Significant gaps exist in the understanding of the distinction between translational science and translational research among CTSA hub personnel.
  • Further efforts are needed to improve the recognition and consistent application of TS and TR definitions.
  • Addressing these definitional gaps is critical for the advancement of translational science initiatives.