Exploratory investigation of changes in blood transcriptome following mepolizumab treatment for asthma

To evaluate the effects of mepolizumab therapy on the blood transcriptome in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA) and to determine whether changes in gene expression predict responsiveness to mepolizumab treatment.

Fourteen consecutive patients diagnosed with SEA were prospectively enrolled. Each patient had sequential blood samples obtained pre-initiation and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-initiation of mepolizumab. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from blood samples for bulk RNA sequencing. Paired differential expression (DE) gene analysis was performed comparing baseline gene expression versus all timepoints. Changes in gene expression were also compared between responders versus nonresponders to mepolizumab treatment. Finally, gene set enrichment analysis was evaluated across timepoints and its interaction with the response to mepolizumab treatment.

Principal component analysis of all genes demonstrated a homogeneous distribution, which did not separate into distinct groups based on either timepoint or therapeutic response. At week 12, 149 genes had significant DE (FDR < 0.05) compared to baseline. When performing all-way timepoint comparisons, 74 genes (63 protein-coding) were found to be downregulated at weeks 4, 8 and 12 compared to baseline, but no differences were observed between post baseline timepoints. Twenty-eight genes (16 protein-coding) did change with progression of time and were associated with response to therapy, and 56 protein-coding genes distinguished responders and nonresponders. At week 12, nonresponders had a high enrichment of genes involved with signaling pathways, including cytokines, growth factors, cell differentiation markers, and protein kinases.

In this exploratory study, mepolizumab use was associated with limited global transcriptomic separation with some preliminary differential-expression and enrichment findings. No definitive mechanistic or predictive response signatures were identified due to the study limitations. Future studies, including larger cohorts followed for longer durations with interrogation of specific immune subsets, may offer additional insight into the pathophysiology of severe eosinophilic asthma and into predicting response to mepolizumab treatment.