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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
09:43

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 9, 2015

Mitochondrial-generated G-quadruplex-forming lncRNAs regulate heme homeostasis.

Vinodh J Sahayasheela1,2,3, Ryohei Noizumi1, Manendra B Lankadasari4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.

Iscience
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondria-generated long non-coding RNAs (mt-lncRNAs) form G-quadruplex structures that buffer heme. Disrupting these structures increases labile mitochondrial heme, impacting cellular health and disease.

Keywords:
biochemistrybiophysicsmolecular biology

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
09:43

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 9, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Heme is crucial for cellular function but toxic if unregulated.
  • Mitochondrial heme homeostasis depends on controlling labile heme levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of mitochondria-generated long non-coding RNAs (mt-lncRNAs) in heme buffering.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of heme binding by mt-lncRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • G-quadruplex (G4) specific pull-down assays.
  • Bio-orthogonal imaging of RNA G-quadruplex (rG4) formation.
  • Cellular experiments using mitochondria-targeted inhibitors (MITO-PIP, MITO-PyPDS) and heme sensors.
  • Utilized rho-zero (ρ0) cells to assess mitochondrial dependence.

Main Results:

  • mt-lncRNAs contain G-quadruplex-forming sequences (rG4s) that bind heme.
  • rG4 formation was observed within mt-lncRNAs in living cells.
  • Disruption of mt-lncRNA rG4s led to increased labile mitochondrial heme, elevated heme in other cellular compartments, and induced oxidative stress.
  • Upregulation of heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1) was observed.

Conclusions:

  • mt-lncRNAs utilize RNA G-quadruplex structures to buffer heme within mitochondria.
  • This RNA structure-based mechanism contributes to organellar metabolite homeostasis.
  • Findings have implications for understanding and treating heme-related disorders and mitochondrial diseases.