A comprehensive review and proposed operational framework for animal carcass disposal in GCC Countries

Disposal of animal carcasses is an environmental and health challenge, especially when it concerns biological security in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This study provides a comprehensive review of traditional and modern carcass disposal methods and proposes an integrated operational framework designed according to the climatic, environmental, and infrastructural conditions of the Arabian Gulf region, in addition to a proposed pet cemetery. The environmental risks associated with indiscriminate disposal, groundwater contamination, the persistence of pathogens, and antibiotic resistance are reviewed based on published evidence. A practical design for the center, staff requirements, cost estimation, and operational workflow is also provided to support implementation at the governorate level. The study offers a scalable and cost-effective solution for overall biosecurity. This framework can serve as a regional reference model for GCC policymakers.