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Related Concept Videos

Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination01:31

Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

Typically, when alkenes react with halogens at low temperatures, an addition reaction occurs. However, upon increasing the temperature or under reaction conditions that form radicals, providing a low but steady concentration of halogen radicals, allylic substitution reaction is favored. This is because allylic hydrogens are very reactive as the formed intermediate is resonance stabilized. For example, when propene is treated with chlorine in the gas phase at 400 °C, it undergoes allylic...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

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Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes
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Published on: July 28, 2018

Lanthanide-Bridged Dual-Atom Catalysts for Efficient Chlorine Electrosynthesis.

Wen-Da Zhang1,2, Lulu Chen3, Yongbiao Mu4

  • 1Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel "mortise-and-tenon" strategy using a tulip-shaped covalent organic framework (Tu-COF) to create heteronuclear dual-atom catalysts (DACs). The Ru-Ce catalyst shows exceptional performance in the chlorine evolution reaction (CER), offering high efficiency and stability.

Keywords:
chlorine evolution reactioncovalent organic frameworkdual‐atom catalystsmortise‐and‐tenon

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Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: July 21, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • The chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is crucial for industrial chlor-alkali processes and water treatment.
  • Current CER methods face challenges with high energy consumption and limited selectivity.
  • Developing efficient and selective electrocatalysts is essential for advancing CER technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize novel heteronuclear dual-atom catalysts (DACs) for improved CER performance.
  • To investigate the structure-activity relationship of these DACs using experimental and computational methods.
  • To demonstrate a generalizable strategy for constructing advanced electrocatalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a tulip-shaped covalent organic framework (Tu-COF) precursor.
  • Construction of heteronuclear Ru-Ln dual-atom catalysts (DACs) via a "mortise-and-tenon" strategy.
  • Electrocatalytic performance evaluation in a flow cell, including chronoamperometry and Faradaic efficiency measurements.
  • Mechanistic studies using in situ characterization and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.

Main Results:

  • The Ru-Ce catalyst, synthesized using the Tu-COF precursor, exhibited superior CER performance.
  • Achieved high current density (150 mA cm⁻²) at a low overpotential (1.45 V vs. RHE) with near 100% Faradaic efficiency for Cl₂ evolution.
  • Demonstrated excellent long-term stability (>500 h) in a flow cell.
  • DFT calculations revealed that the Ce atom modulates the electronic structure of the Ru center, optimizing Cl adsorption and facilitating Cl-Cl coupling while suppressing competing reactions.

Conclusions:

  • The "mortise-and-tenon" strategy using Tu-COF is effective for precise construction of heteronuclear DACs.
  • The Ru-Ce catalyst shows significant potential for efficient and selective chlorine evolution.
  • Lanthanide-mediated electronic engineering is a promising approach for designing high-performance electrocatalysts.