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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...

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Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials
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Unlocking a Chemically Fertile Moderate-Pressure Regime in High-Pressure Borate Synthesis Using Soft-Chemistry

Yunwei Zhao1, Zien Cheng1, Pengfei Jiang1

  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.

Inorganic Chemistry
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Chemists unlocked new borate structures using a precursor-controlled synthesis strategy. This method explores moderate pressure-temperature conditions, revealing novel hydrated borates and previously inaccessible metastable frameworks.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Borate synthesis has historically focused on extreme conditions, limiting exploration of moderate pressure-temperature regimes.
  • The kinetic limitations, not thermodynamic barriers, were identified as the primary reason for this unexplored phase space.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a precursor-controlled synthesis strategy for accessing moderate pressure-temperature regimes in borate discovery.
  • To systematically explore the potential of moderate pressure-temperature synthesis for novel borate structures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing sol-gel-derived, chemically homogeneous precursors for high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) treatment.
  • Employing 3D electron diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural resolution.
  • Investigating temperature-dependent phase evolution to understand metastable framework stabilization.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of known high-pressure borates under milder conditions (≤3 GPa, ≤ 800 °C).
  • Extension of the β-REB5O9 series and discovery of two new families of hydrated borates: β-REB6O9(OH)3 and RE6B36O59(OH)8.
  • Characterization of novel polar structures with large ring channels within tetrahedral borate frameworks, including metastable phases.

Conclusions:

  • Precursor-controlled kinetics redefine accessible phase space in HP/HT synthesis.
  • Moderate-pressure regimes are highly productive for discovering structurally complex borates.
  • This strategy opens new avenues for materials discovery beyond borates.