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Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
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Metacognitive and Interpersonal Intellectual Humility Are Asymmetrically Associated with Well-Being.

Michael M Prinzing1, Shauna M Bowes2, Karen Melton3

  • 1Program for Leadership and Character, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intellectual humility has two facets: appreciating others' knowledge (interpersonal) and recognizing one's own knowledge limits (metacognitive). Interpersonal intellectual humility boosts well-being, while metacognitive intellectual humility is linked to worse well-being.

Keywords:
intellectual virtuelatent growth modelingmental healthwithin-person analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Virtue Ethics

Background:

  • Intellectual humility is considered a key intellectual virtue.
  • It theoretically involves appreciating both the limits of one's own knowledge and the value of others' knowledge.
  • Prior research has focused on epistemic benefits, but its impact on personal well-being remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between intellectual humility and individual well-being.
  • To differentiate the effects of metacognitive and interpersonal aspects of intellectual humility on well-being.
  • To examine these associations cross-sectionally and longitudinally.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted two main studies and one supplemental study with a total of 4,049 participants.
  • Employed cross-sectional, within-person, and between-person analyses.
  • Utilized longitudinal data tracking changes over two years.

Main Results:

  • Interpersonal intellectual humility showed a positive association with well-being.
  • Metacognitive intellectual humility was generally associated with lower well-being.
  • Distinguishing between these two facets is crucial for understanding their impact.

Conclusions:

  • The distinction between metacognitive and interpersonal intellectual humility is vital.
  • Only the interpersonal aspect of intellectual humility appears conducive to well-being.
  • Findings have implications for the conceptualization of intellectual humility as a virtue and its cultivation.