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Related Concept Videos

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Ligand Binding Sites02:40

Ligand Binding Sites

Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their interactions with other molecules or ions, known as ligands.
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Ligand Binding and Linkage00:49

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked.  In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence the...
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
04:51

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

Structural Adaptability Driven by Nonuniform Ligand Torsion and Relocation Enables Microregulated Photothermal

Dong-Yue Wu1,2, Shuo-Chen Ni1, Xiang Liu1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer programmable responses. Researchers synthesized two cobalt-based MOFs, NBU-X4 and NBU-X5, demonstrating tunable photothermal properties through ligand design for advanced temperature-responsive materials.

Keywords:
coordination frameworkdynamic crystalphotothermal conversionsingle-crystal-to-single-crystal transformationstructural adaptability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Dynamic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are programmable crystalline materials responsive to external stimuli.
  • Understanding the relationship between ligand flexibility and framework rigidity is crucial for designing advanced MOFs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize two isostructural cobalt-based MOFs, NBU-X4 and NBU-X5, to investigate the impact of ligand structure on framework dynamics and photothermal properties.
  • To elucidate the structure-property correlations between ligand torsion, framework adaptability, and photothermal efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of two cobalt-based MOFs, [Co2(L1)2(L2)]n (NBU-X4) and [Co2(L1)2(L3)]n (NBU-X5), using specific organic ligands.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to determine the structural characteristics and flexibility of the MOFs.
  • Photothermal testing under laser irradiation to evaluate temperature response and stability.

Main Results:

  • NBU-X4 exhibits structural adaptability via ligand torsion, enabling reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations with modulated photothermal response.
  • NBU-X5, with suppressed torsional motion due to steric hindrance, forms a rigid framework with high photothermal efficiency (316 °C at 1.6 W cm-2).
  • NBU-X4 demonstrates durable photothermal cycling (50 cycles) and consistent temperature differences, suitable for memory-type photothermal sensing.

Conclusions:

  • Ligand torsion and framework adaptability are key factors influencing the photothermal efficiency of dynamic MOFs.
  • The study provides a rational design strategy for developing MOF-based temperature-responsive materials with tailored properties.
  • These findings highlight the potential of dynamic MOFs in applications requiring precise thermal control and sensing.