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Related Concept Videos

Critical Thinking II01:25

Critical Thinking II

Critical thinking is a cognitive process with several attributes. The attributes of critical thinking include the following:
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Patient-centered Care

Patient-centered care involves delivering care beyond inpatient hospitalization. Reflective practice can enhance a patient-centered approach. Reflective practice is a process of reasoning that considers all aspects of the present situation, including practicalities, learning from personal practice, and consideration of patient needs. Patients appreciate care decisions made while considering their input. Involving the patient in their care provides the patient with a sense of contribution rather...
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Related Experiment Videos

Epistemological Issues in Clinical Reasoning: A Scoping Review.

Gabriel Ferreira1, Marcus Vinícius Sehl Ferreira1, Gabriela Araújo1

  • 1Unisinos University, São Leopoldo, Brazil.

Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Clinical reasoning (CR) lacks a clear definition in medical literature, leading to errors. Clarifying CR

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Cognitive Science
  • Philosophy of Medicine

Background:

  • Clinical reasoning (CR) is crucial for accurate diagnoses and treatments.
  • Significant uncertainty exists regarding the definition, scope, and methods of CR.
  • Conceptual imprecision in CR contributes to medical errors and erodes patient trust.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map the definitions and conceptual frameworks of CR in medical and health sciences literature.
  • To address the core issues of explainability and accountability in clinical reasoning.
  • To synthesize diverse perspectives on CR to foster clarity and consensus.

Main Methods:

  • A scoping review adhering to PRISMA-ScR guidelines was conducted.
  • Systematic literature searches were performed across major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PhilPapers).
  • Data were extracted and descriptively synthesized from 26 eligible studies by two independent reviewers.

Main Results:

  • Five major conceptual perspectives on CR were identified: Integrative/Contextual, Dual-Process, Expertise/Tacit, Hypothetico-Deductive, and Outcome-Oriented.
  • A significant number of studies (6/26) failed to provide explicit definitions of CR, highlighting its conceptual opacity.
  • The literature reveals a lack of consensus, with diverse and sometimes conflicting views on CR.

Conclusions:

  • The literature demonstrates substantial diversity and a critical lack of consensus on the definition of CR.
  • CR requires conceptual clarity, explainability, and public justification, belonging to the "logical space of reasons".
  • Making CR processes explicit is an epistemological and ethical imperative to reduce medical errors and improve medical education.