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Application of Bedside Lower Extremity Rehabilitation Robots in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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Care Robots as Emerging Health Technologies: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Gaeun Kim¹, Jinmi Jeon^2,3

¹Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Keimyung University, 1095, Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601, Republic of South Korea, 82532587658.

Journal of Medical Internet Research

|June 30, 2026

Summary

Current evidence does not support routine clinical adoption of care robots. While some benefits were observed, the low certainty and narrow effects suggest they should augment, not replace, human care.

Keywords:

care robots digital health meta-analysis robotics socially assistive robots systematic review

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Area of Science:

Robotics
Digital Health
Gerontology
Pediatrics

Background:

Global aging and workforce shortages increase demand for therapeutic support in older adults and children.
Care robots (socially assistive, companion, therapeutic) are proposed as digital health adjuncts.
Previous reviews lacked cross-population and cross-platform effect quantification.

Purpose of the Study:

Quantify pooled effects of care-robot interventions across 7 outcome domains.
Examine moderators: robot platform, target population, intervention duration.
Grade evidence certainty using GRADE framework.

Main Methods:

Systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
Searched 5 databases and 2 trial registries through April 2026.
Random-effects meta-analysis of 34 randomized controlled trials (n=2476).

Main Results:

Only neuropsychiatric symptoms showed a significant pooled effect (Hedges g=0.44), but this finding was fragile.
Other domains (quality of life, depression, agitation, stress, pain, social skills, cognitive function) were nonsignificant.
Prediction intervals for all domains included the null, indicating no assured effect in new settings.

Conclusions:

Current evidence does not support routine clinical adoption of care robots.
Potential benefits are narrow, of low certainty, and require larger trials.
Care robots should augment, not substitute, human-delivered care.