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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
What is Weather?01:07

What is Weather?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Fa&#231;ade-Level Monitoring of CO2 Variability under Urban Heat Island Conditions using Low-Cost Sensor Data Loggers
07:12

Façade-Level Monitoring of CO2 Variability under Urban Heat Island Conditions using Low-Cost Sensor Data Loggers

Published on: December 12, 2025

Machine learning early warning for urban heat risk with CMIP6 projections.

Zecheng Li1, Chng Saun Fong1, Siti Hafizah Ab Hamid2

  • 1Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.

Journal of Environmental Management
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Extreme heat poses a growing urban threat. This study developed a novel early warning framework integrating social vulnerability and air pollution, projecting increased heat mortality risks for future adaptation strategies.

Keywords:
Air qualityCMIP6Compound eventsEarly warning systemHeat vulnerability indexUrban heat island

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Fa&#231;ade-Level Monitoring of CO2 Variability under Urban Heat Island Conditions using Low-Cost Sensor Data Loggers
07:12

Façade-Level Monitoring of CO2 Variability under Urban Heat Island Conditions using Low-Cost Sensor Data Loggers

Published on: December 12, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Urban Planning

Background:

  • Extreme heat (EH) increasingly threatens urban resilience, particularly in arid regions where environmental pressures intersect with social vulnerability.
  • Current early warning systems inadequately address socio-demographic vulnerability, air pollution, and delayed exposure effects.
  • Arizona serves as a pilot case for developing a transferable urban heat early warning framework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a transferable urban heat early warning framework.
  • To integrate socio-demographic vulnerability, temperature, air quality, and CO2 for heat-related mortality risk projection.
  • To provide an evidence-based solution for targeted heat adaptation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated alternative Heat Vulnerability Index (HVI) constructions (2010-2020) with temperature, air quality indicators, and CO2.
  • Projected heat-related mortality risks for 2025-2035 under CMIP6 SSP1.2.6 and SSP5.8.5 scenarios.
  • Evaluated statistical and machine learning models using chronological holdout split and time-series cross-validation, selecting a Ridge model.

Main Results:

  • A factor-analysis-based HVI demonstrated the most stable downstream performance.
  • The selected Ridge model achieved a holdout R² of 0.5288 and cross-validated R² of 0.5230.
  • Projections indicated a sustained increase in mortality risk under both SSP pathways, sensitive to HVI and AQI trajectory assumptions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework offers a scalable, evidence-based solution for urban heat adaptation.
  • Model outputs were translated into an operational Severe Heat Risk Level tool for policy relevance.
  • The framework emphasizes computational efficiency, open-source data, lag-aware co-exposure modeling, and uncertainty assessment.