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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

The initial validation of an internalization and externalization inventory.

Aire Valiente1, Freideriki Carmen Mamali1, Marleen M Rijkeboer2

  • 1Programme group Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1001NK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Acta Psychologica
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces the Internalization and Externalization Inventory (IEI) to measure temperamental tendencies. The IEI shows promise in assessing these constructs independently from psychopathology.

Keywords:
ExternalizationExternalizingInternalizationInternalizingInventory

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Temperament Research
  • Psychological Assessment

Background:

  • Internalizing and externalizing behaviors in adults are often assessed through psychopathological symptoms, potentially conflating temperament with pathology.
  • Temperament indicators, such as internalization and externalization, represent innate tendencies in how individuals cope with stressors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Internalization and Externalization Inventory (IEI) as a measure of temperamental tendencies.
  • To assess internalization and externalization as distinct constructs, independent of psychopathological symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • The IEI was administered online to 236 adults.
  • Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) were employed to examine the inventory's structure.
  • Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed using correlational analyses with measures of psychopathology, neuroticism, effortful control, and behavioral activation/inhibition.

Main Results:

  • The final IEI consists of 8 items for Internalization and 16 for Externalization, demonstrating good internal consistency.
  • Exploratory Factor Analysis identified three subfactors for Externalization: External Attribution, Hostile Reactivity, and Reward-Seeking Coping.
  • While some expected correlations were not found for the overall Externalization scale, the Hostile Reactivity subscale showed expected associations, suggesting its utility.

Conclusions:

  • The IEI is a potentially valuable instrument for measuring internalization and externalization as temperamental constructs.
  • The findings suggest that the IEI can differentiate temperamental tendencies from psychopathological presentations.
  • Further research may refine the IEI and explore its clinical and research applications.