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Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies
Published on: July 1, 2016
A new HPLC-ICP-MS method for gadolinium speciation in freshwaters using ion exchange chromatography and aqueous
Anna Maria Orani1, Franciele Castro Novais2, Sabine Azemard1
1IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Monaco, 98000, Principality of Monaco.
Abstract:
A novel analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) was developed and validated for the determination of gadolinium-based contrast agents (Gd-CAs) in freshwater samples. This innovative approach leverages a straightforward setup involving widely available laboratory apparatus, including an ion exchange column and aqueous mobile phases, enhancing the method's practicality for ICP-MS detection while adhering to principles of green chemistry. The environmentally friendly design not only simplifies the analytical procedure but also minimizes the use of organic solvents, addressing ecological concerns. Method validation was performed in accordance with EURACHEM guidelines to ensure reliability and precision, encompassing a comprehensive uncertainty budget. The method demonstrated excellent performance in detecting and quantifying three commonly used Gd-CAs, (LOD = 1.1, 1.3 and 60 ng/kg, for Magnevist, Dotarem and ProHance respectively) achieving high sensitivity and selectivity. This methodology was successfully applied to tap and river water samples from multiple locations. Among the analyzed freshwater samples, Dotarem was the only compound consistently detected. This study underscores the method's potential for widespread applicability in environmental monitoring and its contribution to the growing demand for sustainable analytical practices.
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