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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood
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Positive and negative affect influence learning during exposure therapy: Secondary analysis from a randomized

Benjamin M Rosenberg1, Michael Treanor2, Tomislav D Zbozinek2

  • 1Neuroscience Department, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.

Journal of Anxiety Disorders
|June 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Positive and negative emotions influence how much people change their expectations during exposure therapy. High negative or low positive affect can hinder expectancy change, suggesting a need to boost positive emotions in treatment.

Keywords:
AnhedoniaAnxietyExposure therapyNegative affectPositive affect

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Psychotherapy Research

Background:

  • Exposure therapy aims to change maladaptive expectations.
  • Both positive and negative affect are recognized as important during exposure therapy.
  • The Inhibitory Retrieval model highlights expectancy change as a key therapeutic mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how positive and negative affect moderate expectancy change in exposure therapy.
  • To compare the effects of Inhibitory Retrieval versus Habituation-focused exposure therapy.

Main Methods:

  • 77 adults with social anxiety or panic disorder participated.
  • Participants were randomized to Inhibitory Retrieval or Habituation exposure therapy.
  • Expectancy change and affect were measured using validated scales throughout the nine-session protocol.

Main Results:

  • Inhibitory Retrieval: Affect moderated expectancy change; high negative or low positive affect reduced expectancy change.
  • Habituation: Affect did not moderate fear reduction.
  • Individuals with high pre-exposure expectancy showed less change when experiencing low positive or high negative affect.

Conclusions:

  • Affect significantly influences expectancy change in Inhibitory Retrieval exposure therapy.
  • Higher negative affect and lower positive affect are linked to diminished expectancy change.
  • Future exposure therapy models may benefit from incorporating strategies to enhance positive affect.