Interpersonal neural coordination tracks interaction quality during naturalistic conversation

Conversations can feel effortlessly engaging or, conversely, difficult and unrewarding. Multiple factors contribute to the experienced quality and outcomes of a conversation, among them how interlocutors align with each other. The present study investigated speech-to-speech, brain-to-speech, and brain-to-brain coordination as markers of interpersonal alignment, examining their relationship with jointly perceived interaction quality and mutual affinity between conversational partners. Pairs of previously unacquainted participants (dyads) engaged in multiple short, free-form conversations on topics of varying interest while their vocal and neural activity were simultaneously recorded in a dual-EEG ("hyperscanning") setup. We analyzed interlocutors' prosodic adaptation, neural speech tracking, and neural coordination during each conversation. At the speech-to-speech level, our findings reveal that partners with more positive mutual impressions became more similar in their volume and voice quality over the course of the experiment session, reflecting greater prosodic convergence. At the brain-to-speech level, we found no reliable effect of interaction quality on neural tracking of unfolding speech within any individual region, although topographical differences suggested relative modulation across scalp sites. Finally, at the brain-to-brain level, our findings show that higher perceived interaction quality enhanced inter-brain relationships across frequency bands (alpha and theta) and temporal dependencies (concurrent/near-instantaneous and recurrent/listener-lagging), with the strongest effects observed for concurrent alpha-band coupling. These findings suggest that distinct coordination processes are involved in how interlocutors experience an interaction and how they establish relational affinity, casting new light into the mechanisms that make a conversation worthwhile.