MOFs mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ separation: material design, optimization strategies, and industrial pathways

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) incorporating metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising candidates for CO₂ separation by combining the processability of polymers with the superior adsorption and molecular-sieving properties of MOFs. Unlike previous reviews that primarily focus on performance enhancement at the laboratory scale, this review provides a systematic evaluation of MOFs MMMs for CO₂ capture specifically from the perspective of industrial scalability. First, synthesis routes of MOFs are compared with respect to their environmental footprint, production cost, and scalability. Subsequently, key membrane fabrication approaches, including solution casting and in situ growth, are critically assessed in terms of process feasibility, interfacial control, and scale-up potential. Various performance optimization strategies, including MOFs functionalization, composite fillers, hybrid design, defect engineering, and morphological regulation, are analyzed not only from the standpoint of separation enhancement but also with regard to their manufacturability and industrial readiness. Furthermore, the separation mechanisms governing CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄, and CO₂/H₂ systems are discussed. Unlike previous reviews, particular emphasis is placed on the key barriers to practical implementation, including long-term operational stability, economic viability, membrane module scale-up, and environmental sustainability. Finally, future research directions are proposed to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale advances and commercial deployment. By centering the discussion on industrial scalability, this review offers actionable insights for researchers and engineers working toward the development of industrially viable MOFs MMMs for CO₂ separation.