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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

T cell engagers in autoimmune diseases.

Ricardo Grieshaber-Bouyer1,2, Lei Wu3, Georg Schett4,5

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. ricardo.grieshaber@fau.de.

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

T cell engagers (TCEs) are potent biologic therapies being explored for autoimmune diseases. These engineered antibodies offer advantages over cellular therapies, with ongoing research focused on optimizing their safety and efficacy.

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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • T cell engagers (TCEs) are engineered bispecific or multi-specific antibodies designed to redirect T cells towards target cells expressing specific surface antigens.
  • Initially developed for oncology, TCEs are now showing promise in treating autoimmune diseases due to their potency and biologic advantages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the history, mechanism of action, and design principles of TCEs for autoimmune disease treatment.
  • To discuss current challenges and future directions in the development of TCEs for autoimmunity.
  • To provide an overview of the preclinical and clinical landscape of TCEs in autoimmune disease therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical development, mechanism of action, and design principles of TCEs.
  • Analysis of preclinical and clinical data for TCEs in autoimmune disease contexts.
  • Discussion of challenges including safety, convenience, and target cell elimination.

Main Results:

  • TCEs demonstrate comparable potency to cellular therapies with improved manufacturing, availability, safety, and delivery.
  • Significant interest and promising initial results exist for TCEs in autoimmune disease treatment.
  • Key challenges include enhancing safety, improving convenience, and ensuring complete target cell elimination.

Conclusions:

  • TCEs represent a promising therapeutic modality for autoimmune diseases, leveraging biologic advantages.
  • Further development is needed to address safety, convenience, and efficacy challenges for widespread clinical application.
  • Next-generation TCEs are being optimized to broaden their application across various autoimmune conditions.