Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults
Published on: October 19, 2014
Defensive Reactions to Pictorial Warning Labels Featuring Narrative Versus Non-Narrative Content
Zexin Ma1, Rong Ma2, Joshua Haworth3
1Department of Communication, University of Connecticut.
None:
This study examined pictorial warning labels (PWLs) about alcohol-related cancer risks, comparing the effects of narrative and non-narrative content on different types of defensive reactions, as well as investigating the relationships between defensive reactions and behavioral outcomes through an experiment (N = 649). Findings showed that narrative (vs. non-narrative) PWLs evoked lower levels of reactance and avoidance (both retrospective and anticipated). Defensive reactions were differently associated with persuasion outcomes after two weeks: Reactance consistently predicted less persuasion, as evidenced by diminished desired behavior change, lower information seeking, and decreased policy support. Retrospective avoidance was positively associated with persuasion outcomes, whereas anticipated avoidance was negatively associated with policy support. Narrative (vs. non-narrative) PWLs also had a significant positive total effect on policy support. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
More Related Videos
08:53Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
Published on: November 14, 2018
06:39Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements
Published on: August 28, 2017
Related Concept Videos
Framing Effects
Toxic Reactions: Overview
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Pharmacovigilance
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
In some cases, there...
Allergic Drug Reactions
Defense Mechanism Against Infection
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...