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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Polymers02:34

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
07:39

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: June 8, 2016

Chemically Fueled Interfacial Supramolecular Polymerization.

Zhiqin Xia1, Preetika Rastogi1, Xuefei Wu1

  • 1Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.

ACS Nano
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed chemically fueled supramolecular polymers at liquid-liquid interfaces. This breakthrough enables adaptive, out-of-equilibrium soft materials with tunable lifetimes and stimuli-responsive depolymerization.

Keywords:
chemical fuelsdissipative assemblyoil−water interfacestimuli responsivenessstructured liquidssupramolecular polymers

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3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
07:39

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: June 8, 2016

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: February 18, 2022

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
16:24

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Dissipative self-assembly systems mimic biological adaptability but lack spatial control.
  • Controlling dynamic self-assembly at interfaces is crucial for advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate spatial control over dissipative self-assembly at liquid-liquid interfaces.
  • To engineer chemically fueled supramolecular polymers with tunable properties.

Main Methods:

  • Coupling a chemical reaction network with host-guest and metal-ligand based self-assembly.
  • Utilizing liquid-liquid interfaces for polymer confinement and control.

Main Results:

  • Generated supramolecular polymers at interfaces with tunable lifetimes.
  • Achieved controlled depolymerization triggered by redox cues or competitive guests.
  • Demonstrated polymer jamming at the interface for creating programmable, stimuli-responsive liquid constructs.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid-liquid interfaces offer a versatile platform for controlling dissipative self-assembly.
  • The developed polymers represent a novel class of adaptive, out-of-equilibrium soft materials.
  • This approach enables the design of time-programmable and multistimuli-responsive materials.