Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Tissue Transplantation01:24

Tissue Transplantation

Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
The Biology of Tissue Transplantation
The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...
Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Correction: High-protein enteral nutrition in intensive care unit patients undergoing advanced early mobilization: protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Trials·2026
Same author

Removal of an intraorbital electric cutter blade fragment by combined cerebral angiography and lateral orbitotomy for globe preservation.

BMJ case reports·2026
Same author

Vascular-based compartmental resection of anterior clinoidal meningiomas: an inter-perforator microdebulking strategy.

Acta neurochirurgica·2026
Same author

PUB4 Activates Chitin Signaling by Ubiquitination-linked Degradation of The Immune Suppressor FERONIA.

Plant & cell physiology·2026
Same author

Molecular basis underlying the isoprene emission diversity in Fagaceae.

Plant physiology·2026
Same author

Refined Endoscopic Extracapsular Resection Technique for Pituitary Adenomas With Suprasellar Extension: A Retrospective Analysis of 259 Cases.

Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin
11:17

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

Published on: March 10, 2021

Plant-Based Production of Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules.

Abdelaziz Ramadan1,2, Hiroko Miyadera3, Kaho Oka1

  • 1Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.

Plant Biotechnology Journal
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a plant-based system for producing functional Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (MHC II) proteins. This method offers a scalable and cost-effective alternative for generating these crucial immune system components.

Keywords:
Nicotiana benthamianaTsukuba systemplant‐made MHC class IIplant‐made TCRrecombinant proteins

More Related Videos

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
09:32

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: October 15, 2021

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes
07:59

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Published on: March 25, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin
11:17

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

Published on: March 10, 2021

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
09:32

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: October 15, 2021

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes
07:59

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Published on: March 25, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Biotechnology

Background:

  • Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) proteins are crucial for adaptive immunity, presenting antigens to CD4+ T cells.
  • Recombinant MHC II proteins are valuable tools for immunological research and clinical diagnostics, including organ transplantation.
  • Traditional Escherichia coli-based production methods face challenges in yielding properly folded MHC II protein complexes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a plant-based expression system for producing soluble, functional MHC II proteins.
  • To demonstrate the scalability and economic viability of using Nicotiana benthamiana for MHC II production.
  • To validate the functionality of plant-derived MHC II proteins in biochemical and immunological assays.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Tsukuba System in Nicotiana benthamiana for expressing soluble extracellular domains of MHC II proteins.
  • Expressed thirteen different MHC II isotypes (HLA-DR, DQ, DP) conjugated with peptides (pMHC II).
  • Purified proteins using metal affinity and ion exchange chromatography, followed by in vitro biotinylation and characterization via ELISA and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR).

Main Results:

  • Successfully expressed thirteen types of pMHC II proteins in a soluble form within the plant system.
  • Achieved yields of 4.37 μg/gFW (metal affinity) and 2.81 μg/gFW (ion exchange chromatography).
  • Confirmed protein functionality through glycosylation-dependent recognition by a T-cell receptor (TCR) using SPR, with a KD of 3.62 ± 1.59 μM.

Conclusions:

  • The Nicotiana benthamiana-based Tsukuba System provides a robust platform for producing functional MHC II proteins.
  • This plant-based approach is a promising, scalable, and economical alternative for large-scale production of pMHC II.
  • The produced MHC II proteins are suitable for diverse basic research and clinical applications, including diagnostics and therapeutic development.