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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality
10:38

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality

Published on: August 9, 2010

Facing fear through play: A smartphone-based proof-of-concept intervention using inverted augmented reality.

Wolfgang Trapp1,2, Susanne Röder1, Franziska Wimmer1

  • 1Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Clinic for Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Bamberg, Germany.

Internet Interventions
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This study explored a gamified augmented reality (AR) intervention to aid exposure therapy for phobias. The AR approach showed significant reductions in situational fear, offering a promising, accessible tool for phobia treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Digital Health

Background:

  • Exposure therapy is effective for phobias but faces real-world implementation challenges.
  • Barriers include accessibility, patient acceptance, and generalizing treatment gains.
  • Novel digital interventions are needed to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a gamified augmented reality (AR) intervention.
  • The AR intervention aims to support in vivo exposure therapy.
  • It embeds virtual game elements into real-world, anxiety-provoking environments.

Main Methods:

  • A proof-of-concept study with 20 individuals diagnosed with phobic disorders.
  • Utilized a multiple-baseline design.
Keywords:
Augmented realityDigital mental healthExposure therapyGamificationOppositional actionPhobic disordersSmartphone intervention

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Combining Augmented Reality and 3D Printing to Display Patient Models on a Smartphone
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Combining Augmented Reality and 3D Printing to Display Patient Models on a Smartphone

Published on: January 2, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality
10:38

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality

Published on: August 9, 2010

Combining Augmented Reality and 3D Printing to Display Patient Models on a Smartphone
09:26

Combining Augmented Reality and 3D Printing to Display Patient Models on a Smartphone

Published on: January 2, 2020

  • Participants engaged with a smartphone-based AR application (or VR headset) in personalized fear-relevant settings, collecting virtual objects.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant reductions in self-reported situational fear were observed post-intervention (large effect size).
    • Improvements noted in secondary outcomes: anxiety sensitivity, agoraphobic cognitions, and depressive symptoms.
    • No significant differences were found based on device type or setting.

    Conclusions:

    • Preliminary evidence supports AR as a low-threshold tool to complement exposure therapy in naturalistic settings.
    • Findings suggest potential for gamified AR to enhance phobia treatment accessibility.
    • Further research with larger samples and control groups is necessary to confirm efficacy and long-term effects.