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Calorimetry

Calorimetry

When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A container that prevents heat transfer in or out is called a calorimeter, and the use of a calorimeter to make measurements is called calorimetry. Generally, these measurements involve heat or specific heat capacity. The term "calorimetry problem" is used for any problem where the specified objects are thermally isolated from their surroundings. An...

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Constant Volume Calorimetry

Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...

Constant Pressure Calorimetry

Constant Pressure Calorimetry

Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a substance. The heat is exchanged with a calibrated and insulated device called the calorimeter. Calorimetry experiments are based on the assumption that there is no heat exchange between the insulated calorimeter and the external environment. The well-insulated calorimeters prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its external...

Metabolic Rate

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The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
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Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State

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During the absorptive state, which lasts approximately four hours after a meal, the body absorbs nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. The carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids we consume are broken down into monosaccharides, amino acids, and free fatty acids for absorption. While carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed as-is, lipids are absorbed in their broken-down forms and then re-esterified into triglycerides within enterocytes before being packaged into chylomicrons. These absorbed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Calorespirometry: A Powerful, Noninvasive Approach to Investigate Cellular Energy Metabolism

Calorespirometry: A Powerful, Noninvasive Approach to Investigate Cellular Energy Metabolism

Published on: May 31, 2018

Zeptojoule calorimetry.

András Márton Gunyhó¹, Kassius Kohvakka¹, Qi-Ming Chen¹

¹QCD Laboratories, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.

Nature Electronics

|July 1, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates zeptojoule calorimetry using a metallic superconductor-normal-conductor-superconductor sensor. This breakthrough enables precise energy measurement of microwave pulses, paving the way for single-photon detection.

Keywords:

Electrical and electronic engineering Sensors Single photons and quantum effects Superconducting devices

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Area of Science:

Quantum Technology
Energy Measurement
Superconducting Devices

Background:

Bolometers and calorimeters are sensitive thermal energy detectors.
Superconductor-normal-conductor-superconductor sensors offer theoretical high-resolution energy detection.
Previous estimates relied solely on mathematical models.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally validate zeptojoule calorimetry with a metallic superconductor-normal-conductor-superconductor sensor.
To achieve high-resolution energy measurement of microwave pulses.
To explore real-time single-photon detection capabilities.

Main Methods:

Utilized a metallic superconductor-normal-conductor-superconductor sensor for calorimetry.
Measured the energy of 1-microsecond-long 8.4-GHz microwave pulses.
Analyzed the full-width at half-maximum energy resolution.

Main Results:

Achieved a full-width at half-maximum energy resolution finer than 0.95 ± 0.02 zJ.
This resolution corresponds to approximately 170 photons at 8.4 GHz.
Demonstrated experimental feasibility of zeptojoule calorimetry.

Conclusions:

Metallic superconductor-normal-conductor-superconductor sensors are effective for zeptojoule calorimetry.
The technique offers a promising route for real-time calorimetric detection of single photons in the 10-GHz range.
Advances quantum technology and computing energy measurement capabilities.