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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...

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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...

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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...

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Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus

Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus

Published on: March 6, 2019

Philippine Guidelines for Periodic Health Examination: Pediatric Immunization.

Marimel R Pagcatipunan¹, Natasha Ann R Esteban-Ipac², And Korina Ada D Tanyu³

¹Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Manila, Philippines.

Acta Medica Philippina

|July 1, 2026

Summary

This clinical practice guideline offers evidence-based recommendations for vaccine-preventable diseases, including routine infant immunizations and those outside the National Immunization Program (NIP). It provides 12 recommendations to improve immunization program efficacy and vaccine use.

Keywords:

CPG PHEX immunization pediatric vaccines

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Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus

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Published on: March 6, 2019

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children

Published on: August 22, 2012

Area of Science:

Public Health
Immunology
Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

Immunization is a cornerstone of public health, significantly increasing life expectancy by reducing child mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Vaccines are critical for disease prevention, control programs, and global health security.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide evidence-based recommendations and best practices for immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases.
To guide decisions on vaccine inclusion and continued use within the National Immunization Program (NIP).

Main Methods:

Followed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach for guideline development.
Systematically synthesized scientific evidence on various vaccines, including rabies, Hib, rotavirus, MMR, varicella, BCG, tetanus, hepatitis B, PCV, and pertussis.

Main Results:

Developed twelve (12) recommendations for eleven (11) vaccine-preventable conditions.
Recommendations cover pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies, boosters for Hib, tetanus, hepatitis B, and pertussis, as well as rotavirus, measles, mumps, varicella, BCG, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV).

Conclusions:

The guideline aids in assessing vaccine eligibility for the NIP and supports the continued use of existing vaccines.
Recommendations aim to enhance the performance, reach, and efficacy of the National Immunization Program in the Philippines.