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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

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Published on: July 5, 2011

Acromial Osteotomy for Dynamic Posterior Shoulder Instability.

Ricardo Mendes¹, José Carlos Garcia¹, Matheus Barcelos¹

¹NAEON Shoulder and Elbow Institute and Sports Medicine Institute São Paulo Brazil.

Arthroscopy Techniques

|July 1, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Posterior shoulder instability, often linked to acromial morphology, is increasingly diagnosed in young adults. Acromial osteotomy can improve shoulder stability and function by enhancing posterior coverage.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Anatomy

Background:

Posterior shoulder instability is rising, particularly in young, active individuals.
Diagnosis is challenging due to nonspecific symptoms and underestimation of prevalence.
Genetic factors (e.g., Homeobox C6, Paired Box 1) influence scapular and acromial development, contributing to instability.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the critical role of acromial morphology in posterior shoulder instability.
To present acromial osteotomy with posterior repositioning as a management strategy.
To evaluate the potential of this surgical technique for restoring stability and function.

Main Methods:

Review of cases involving posterior shoulder instability and altered acromial morphology.
Description of acromial osteotomy with posterior repositioning technique.
Assessment of radiographic and functional outcomes post-surgery.

Main Results:

Acromial morphology variations, like reduced posterior coverage, are key in posterior instability.
Acromial osteotomy enhances posterior coverage and reduces sagittal tilt, improving humeral head containment.
Successful procedures lead to radiographic consolidation, restored range of motion, pain relief, and improved function.

Conclusions:

Acromial morphology is a critical factor in managing posterior shoulder instability.
Acromial osteotomy is a promising surgical option for optimizing osseous containment and glenohumeral stability.
Further studies are needed to confirm the reproducibility and long-term clinical efficacy of this procedure.