In vitro digestion-based study of heavy metal accumulation and bioaccessibility in organs of different chicken breeds

Chicken, a widely used protein source, is consumed in various forms in Pakistan. However, heavy metal contamination in chicken feed and meat poses potential health risks due to their toxic nature. This study investigated the concentrations of As, Al, Cd, Cu, Cr, Co, Mn, Pb, Ni, Se and Zn in the feed and three organs (liver, gizzard, and muscles) of four different chicken breeds (broiler, layer, desi and Golden Misri). Elevated concentrations of As, Al, Mn, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ni were found in the feed and in the liver and gizzard. Bioaccessibility assessments using an in vitro digestion model indicated that a significant fraction of these metals is bioaccessible in the human gastrointestinal system. The HI values for all organs were greater than one, indicating non-carcinogenic risks. Broiler chicken was associated with a higher target carcinogenic risk, while Golden Misri was associated with a lower target carcinogenic risk. This study highlights the need for the regular monitoring of feed and environmental sources to ensure quality control.