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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Motion Of A Charged Particle In A Magnetic Field01:22

Motion Of A Charged Particle In A Magnetic Field

A charged particle experiences a force when moving through a magnetic field. Consider the field to be uniform and the charged particle to move perpendicular to it. If the field is in a vacuum, the magnetic field is the dominant factor determining the motion. Since the magnetic force is perpendicular to the direction of motion, a charged particle follows a curved path. The particle continues to follow this curved path until it forms a complete circle. Another way to look at this is that the...
Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges01:23

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
10:52

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Published on: February 4, 2017

Spin-orbit-resolved strong-field ionization from real-time relativistic dynamics.

Mengqi Yang1, Shiv Upadhyay1, Aodong Liu1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spin-orbit coupling significantly influences strong-field ionization dynamics in atomic krypton. A new relativistic framework reveals a novel population transfer channel, enhancing our understanding of ultrafast electron behavior.

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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
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Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
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Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Atomic physics
  • Ultrafast science

Background:

  • Strong-field ionization involves complex electron dynamics.
  • The impact of spin-orbit coupling in many-electron systems is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a relativistic framework for strong-field ionization.
  • To investigate the role of spin-orbit coupling in atomic krypton.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a fully relativistic framework combining complex absorbing potential (CAP) and exact two-component (X2C) real-time time-dependent density functional theory.
  • Applied the CAP-X2C method to atomic krypton with variational spin-orbit coupling treatment.

Main Results:

  • The CAP-X2C method accurately predicts spin-orbit-resolved ionization rates for the Kr 4p shell.
  • Discovered a new coherent population transfer channel between Kr 4p states due to spin-orbit coupling.

Conclusions:

  • Spin-orbit coupling opens new pathways in strong-field ionization dynamics.
  • The developed framework enables exploration of spin-orbit effects in complex systems.