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A Validated Reference Database for Twentieth-Century Cd-Based Pigments: Integrated Structural and Compositional

Jacopo Orsilli^1,2, Simone Caglio¹, Marine Cotte^3,4

¹Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, U5, Via Roberto Cozzi, 55, Milano 20126, Italy.

Applied Spectroscopy

|July 1, 2026

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This study establishes a reference database for twentieth-century cadmium-based pigments using non-invasive X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS). This enhances the analysis and conservation of historical artworks containing these important artist pigments.

Area of Science:

Art Conservation Science
Materials Science
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Twentieth-century artists widely used cadmium sulfur selenide and cadmium zinc sulfide pigments.
Understanding these pigments is crucial for artwork conservation and restoration.
Robust reference databases are needed to identify pigment composition and deterioration pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

To initiate the construction of a reference database for historical cadmium-based pigments.
To establish protocols for analyzing these pigments using non-invasive techniques.
To enhance the interpretation of data for historical artworks.

Main Methods:

Applied non-invasive X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS).

Keywords:

Pigments cultural heritage spectroscopy

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Analyzed historical pigments (commercial tube paints and artistic palettes) and modern mock-up samples.

Utilized synchrotron-based High-Resolution X-ray Powder Diffraction (HR-XRPD) and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) for complementary data.

Main Results:

Developed compatible non-invasive analysis protocols for modern and historical samples.
Integrated non-invasive and synchrotron data for more rigorous spectral interpretation.
Improved phase discrimination, compositional assessment, and understanding of pigment variability.

Conclusions:

The integrated approach provides a reliable and consistent historical pigment database.
This foundation supports future non-invasive studies of cadmium-based pigments in complex art contexts.
Enhances the conservation and restoration efforts for twentieth-century artworks.