Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 2, 2026

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
Published on: July 5, 2022
A Secular Increase in the Incidence of Islet Autoimmunity Among Colorado Children With Moderate-Risk HLA Genotypes
Kirk R Hohsfield1,2, Fran Dong3, Kathleen Waugh3
1Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Anschutz, Aurora, CO.
Objective:
We investigated islet autoimmunity (IA) incidence trends among Colorado children born 1993-2010 in Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) and The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) and whether HLA genotype or early-life environmental exposures contributed to observed increases.
Research Design And Methods:
We analyzed the risk of IA among 2,734 Colorado children representing three birth cohorts (BCs): BC1 (1993-1998), BC2 (1999-August 2004), and BC3 (September 2004-2010). Cox models evaluated IA by BC, with time-varying coefficients, BC-HLA interaction, and stratification by type 1 diabetes family history. Mediation analyses examined age at gluten introduction, weight-for-age Z-score, and maternal smoking.
Results:
IA increased across BC1-BC3 (7.0%, 10.7%, and 12.7%). At age 1 year, moderate-risk HLA participants in BC2 and BC3 had, respectively, 2.57 and 6.19 times the IA risk of BC1. By age 5 years, effects attenuated. No selected environmental exposures mediated the increased incidence.
Conclusions:
IA increased among Colorado children born 1993-2010, with the strongest effects among moderate-risk HLA genotypes in later BCs.
Related Concept Videos
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology
Autoimmune Disorders
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

