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Related Concept Videos

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios01:26

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...

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Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
05:12

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder

Published on: June 23, 2023

Combined lethal intoxication involving 2-methyl-2-butanol.

Martin Dokter1, Paul Hagen2, Julia Wudtke2

  • 1Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Centre of Greifswald, Kuhstraße 30, Greifswald, 17489, Germany. martin.dokter@med.uni-greifswald.de.

International Journal of Legal Medicine
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A fatal drug intoxication was investigated in a 26-year-old male. Combined drug toxicity, including 2-methyl-2-butanol (2m2b), methamphetamine, and venlafaxine, was identified as the cause of death.

Keywords:
EthanolHS-GC-FIDIntoxicationTert-amyl-alcohol

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Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
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Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Forensic Toxicology
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Drug Abuse Research

Background:

  • A 26-year-old male with a history of drug abuse was found deceased.
  • The investigation aimed to determine the cause of death, with initial findings including unspecific signs of intoxication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the cause of death in a young male found deceased in his apartment.
  • To investigate the role of 2-methyl-2-butanol (2m2b) and other substances in the fatality.

Main Methods:

  • Autopsy and comprehensive chemical analyses were performed.
  • Headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (HS-GC-FID) was utilized.
  • Toxicological screening identified multiple drug substances in biological samples.

Main Results:

  • High concentrations of 2-methyl-2-butanol (2m2b) were detected in blood (245 mg/L) and urine (225 mg/L).
  • Toxic levels of methamphetamine and venlafaxine were identified, alongside evidence of heroin and diazepam use.
  • Ethanol was present below quantification limits.

Conclusions:

  • A combined drug intoxication involving 2m2b, methamphetamine, venlafaxine, heroin, and diazepam was determined as the cause of death.
  • The potential for 2m2b abuse as an ethanol substitute, its potency, and lack of detection by routine methods highlight its forensic significance.