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Related Concept Videos

Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
Bias01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Conservative Forces01:14

Conservative Forces

According to the law of conservation of energy, any transition between kinetic and potential energy conserves the total energy of the system. Hence, the work done by a conservative force is completely reversible. It is path independent, which means that we can start and stop at any two points in the transition, and the total energy of the system (kinetic plus potential energy at these points) will remain conserved. This is characteristic of a conservative force. Some important examples of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

Community Notes undermoderate polarizing content by design creating risks in electoral processes.

Paul Bouchaud1,2,3, Pedro Ramaciotti1,3,4

  • 1Complex Systems Institute of Paris Ile-de-France CNRS, Paris, France.

Science Advances
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Community Notes, a system for moderating online content, effectively identifies cross-partisan support but systematically under-moderates polarizing material, posing risks to civic discourse and elections.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Computational Social Science
  • Political Science

Background:

  • Online platforms face challenges moderating misleading content.
  • Community Notes (CN) uses cross-partisan agreement to resolve moderation conflicts.
  • The system's global deployment necessitates evaluation across diverse polarization contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the operation of Community Notes across diverse political polarization contexts.
  • To analyze the effectiveness of the CN algorithm in capturing and addressing polarizing content.
  • To assess the impact of CN on civic discourse and electoral integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 1.9 million moderation notes and 135 million ratings from CN.
  • Cross-referencing data with ideological scaling data from 13 countries.
  • Examining notes related to recent elections in the US, UK, France, and Germany.

Main Results:

  • The CN algorithm successfully captures main polarizing dimensions across countries.
  • Notes garnering cross-partisan support are effectively surfaced by the system.
  • Community Notes systematically under-moderates polarizing content by design.
  • Polarizing content related to recent elections was under-moderated.

Conclusions:

  • Community Notes' design prioritizes cross-partisan consensus, leading to under-moderation of polarizing content.
  • The under-moderation of polarizing content poses potential risks to civic discourse.
  • The system's impact on electoral processes warrants further investigation and potential mitigation strategies.