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Related Concept Videos

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira),...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis
07:25

In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis

Published on: May 4, 2017

Rituximab versus Ocrelizumab in Newly Diagnosed Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.

Øivind Torkildsen1,2, Hilde Kjelgaard Brustad3, Einar August Høgestøl4,5

  • 1Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.

The New England Journal of Medicine
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Rituximab is noninferior to ocrelizumab for treating relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS), showing similar efficacy in reducing MRI-detected disease activity. Both treatments had comparable serious adverse events, though infections were more frequent with rituximab.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis
07:25

In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis

Published on: May 4, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Clinical Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies are established treatments for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Head-to-head trial data comparing these effective therapies were previously limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy and safety of rituximab versus ocrelizumab in patients with newly diagnosed relapsing MS.
  • To establish noninferiority of rituximab to ocrelizumab in suppressing MS disease activity.

Main Methods:

  • Phase 3, multicenter, double-blind, noninferiority trial design.
  • Random assignment of adults with recent MS activity to rituximab or ocrelizumab every 6 months for 24 months.
  • Primary endpoint: absence of new/enlarging T2-weighted MRI lesions from month 6 to 24.

Main Results:

  • Rituximab demonstrated noninferiority to ocrelizumab, with 92.2% vs. 94.8% achieving no new/enlarging MRI lesions.
  • Risk difference of -2.6 percentage points met the noninferiority criterion (lower limit > -10%).
  • Similar relapse rates, disability, and cognitive outcomes; higher infection rates with rituximab (82% vs. 69%).

Conclusions:

  • Rituximab is noninferior to ocrelizumab for suppressing MRI-detected disease activity in newly diagnosed relapsing MS.
  • Serious adverse event rates were similar between rituximab and ocrelizumab groups.
  • Rituximab presents a comparable efficacy option with a different safety profile regarding infection incidence.