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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
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Cardiovascular diseases, encompassing a range of conditions, can significantly affect the heart's operations and the overall circulatory system. These conditions impair the heart's ability to pump blood, leading to a deficit in oxygen supply to crucial organs. Anomalies in the heart's electrical system, known as arrhythmias, can cause heartbeats to accelerate or slow down. Usually, heart rates increase during physical activity and decrease while resting or sleeping. However, frequent irregular...
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Innovative Peptide Formulations for Cardiovascular Diseases Using Supercritical CO2: A Comprehensive Review and

Silvio A B Vieira de Melo1, Elaine C M C Albuquerque2, Ravenna L Matos3

  • 1Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica, Brazil.; Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Supercrítica, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40210-630, Salvador, BA, Brazil..

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences : Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) offers advanced formulation solutions for peptide therapeutics, enhancing stability and bioavailability for cardiovascular diseases. This technology addresses manufacturing challenges for next-generation peptide drugs.

Keywords:
angiotensincardiovascular diseasesliposomesnano-encapsulationsupercritical CO(2)

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major global health burden, necessitating innovative treatments.
  • Peptide therapeutics show promise for CVDs due to their specificity and potency but face challenges like poor stability and bioavailability.
  • Current manufacturing methods for peptide drugs are often limited in scalability and cost-effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging cardiovascular peptide therapeutics.
  • To explore formulation strategies using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) for peptide drugs.
  • To discuss the advantages and challenges of scCO₂ technology in peptide manufacturing for cardiovascular health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of peptide therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.
  • Analysis of formulation techniques utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂), including nanoparticles and liposomes.
  • Evaluation of scCO₂-based processes for peptide formulation development and comparison with conventional methods.

Main Results:

  • Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) provides versatile formulation options like nanoparticles and liposomes for peptide drugs.
  • scCO₂ processing offers benefits such as enhanced product quality, low-temperature processing for thermosensitive compounds, and reduced organic solvent use.
  • Key challenges, scale-up considerations, and knowledge gaps in scCO₂-based peptide formulation are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) is a promising enabling platform for developing next-generation peptide therapeutics for cardiovascular health.
  • scCO₂ technology can overcome limitations of traditional peptide drug manufacturing, improving stability and bioavailability.
  • Further research and development are needed to fully realize the translational opportunities of scCO₂ in cardiovascular medicine.