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Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments

Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
Microtubules in Cell Motility01:24

Microtubules in Cell Motility

Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
Microtubules in Cell Motility01:24

Microtubules in Cell Motility

Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending

The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
Membrane bending can happen due to intrinsic changes in lipid composition or extrinsic association with different proteins. The proteins involved...
Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration01:32

Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration

A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker proteins that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Reconstitution of Septin Assembly at Membranes to Study Biophysical Properties and Functions
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Published on: July 28, 2022

Membrane Tubulation by Cytoskeletal System: From Physical Principles to Cellular Mechanisms and In Vitro

Sungwoo Han Park1, Sang Ho Lee1, Eunjin Kim1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of KOREA.

Journal of Oleo Science
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cellular membrane tubes are formed and maintained by cytoskeletal proteins. This review explores two distinct mechanisms of cytoskeleton-driven tubulation and their physical principles.

Keywords:
in vitro reconstitutioncytoskeletonmembrane tubesmotor proteins

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Reconstitution of Septin Assembly at Membranes to Study Biophysical Properties and Functions
06:32

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Published on: July 28, 2022

Self-Assembly of Microtubule Tactoids
08:49

Self-Assembly of Microtubule Tactoids

Published on: June 23, 2022

Pulling Membrane Nanotubes from Giant Unilamellar Vesicles
06:26

Pulling Membrane Nanotubes from Giant Unilamellar Vesicles

Published on: December 7, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Membrane tubes are thin, cylindrical lipid bilayers essential for cellular processes like membrane protrusions and organelle trafficking.
  • While lipid bilayers can form tubes due to fluidity, cellular tubes are actively regulated by cytoskeletal proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the formation principles and mechanistic insights of cytoskeleton-driven membrane tubes.
  • To discuss theoretical models and in vitro reconstitution studies of these cellular structures.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of cytoskeleton-driven tubulation into two distinct mechanical mechanisms.
  • Analysis of in vivo observations and in vitro reconstitution studies.
  • Discussion of physical formulations for membrane tubes and cytoskeletal filaments.

Main Results:

  • Identified two primary mechanisms: filament polymerization within the tube and pulling forces on the outer surface.
  • Highlighted the complementary roles of in vivo and in vitro studies in understanding membrane tube formation.
  • Emphasized the physical basis of membrane tubes and cytoskeletal filaments as one-dimensional elastic structures.

Conclusions:

  • Cytoskeletal regulation is crucial for the formation and maintenance of cellular membrane tubes.
  • Understanding these structures involves integrating cellular observations with biophysical models.
  • Membrane tubes serve as an exemplary system for studying the interplay between biological structures and physical principles.