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Related Concept Videos

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems01:27

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems

A pressure-composition phase diagram explicitly describes the behavior of an ideal solution of two volatile liquids under varying pressures and compositions. A pressure-composition diagram has two main curves. The bubble point curve represents the plot of pressure versus liquid mole fraction. It indicates the pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms from the liquid phase as the system pressure decreases.The dew point curve is the pressure versus vapor mole fraction. It indicates the...
Liquid–Solid Solutions01:29

Liquid–Solid Solutions

The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions01:29

Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions

Nonideal liquid solutions, also known as real solutions, do not strictly follow Raoult's law. Raoult's law is a rule of thumb in physical chemistry. However, not all mixtures adhere to this law due to varying molecular interactions. For example, in an acetone/chloroform solution, the individual vapor pressures of the components are lower than expected, resulting in a total vapor pressure below that predicted by Raoult's law, causing a negative deviation.On the other hand, in an ethanol/water...

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
11:17

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

Published on: January 19, 2016

Chemically Programmable Liquid-to-Solid Transitions and Spatial Dynamics in Synthetic Coacervates.

Zixuan Wu1, Mengyue Zhu1, Peiyong Song1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology Ministry of Education), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a chemical strategy to control the phase transitions of liquid-like droplets. This method uses polymer-network cross-linking to tune droplet properties, enabling new designs for soft materials and protocells.

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Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
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Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
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Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Biomolecular condensates mature dynamically, transitioning from liquid to solid states.
  • Synthetic coacervate droplets model biological condensates and protocells.
  • Complex phase behaviors in droplets are not fully understood, limiting biological insights and material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a chemically programmable strategy for modulating droplet phase transitions.
  • To investigate the role of polymer-network cross-linking in controlling droplet properties.
  • To explore applications in designing dynamic soft materials and synthetic protocells.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized reactive cross-linkers to engage polymers within liquid-like droplets.
  • Investigated reaction-diffusion dynamics and polymer demixing for heterogeneous phase separation.
  • Employed orthogonal cleavable and photoresponsive cross-linkers for controlled liquefaction and spatial patterning.
  • Integrated digital-micromirror device (DMD) technology for photopatterning.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated dynamic modulation of droplet phase transitions from liquid-to-solid via cross-linking.
  • Achieved spatially heterogeneous phase separation and control over droplet microviscosity.
  • Showcased chemical control over droplet liquefaction and multiphasic structure generation.
  • Enabled precise spatial photopatterning of droplet networks.

Conclusions:

  • Established a versatile framework for studying microphase separation in coacervates.
  • Provided a blueprint for designing dynamic soft materials with tunable properties.
  • Advanced the development of synthetic protocells with controllable phase behaviors.