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Related Concept Videos

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Apparent Weight and the Earth's Rotation

Since all objects on the Earth's surface move through a circle every 24 hours, there must be a net centripetal force on each object, directed towards the center of that circle. The points of the north and south poles are the only exception to this rule.
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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
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Integrating Astronomical Seasonal Phase into Physical Activity Research.

David E Conroy1

  • 1School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.

Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
|July 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Seasonal variations in physical activity are common. A new continuous measure of astronomical seasonal phase can help reduce confounding and improve research accuracy for physical activity studies.

Keywords:
ExercisePeriodicityPhotoperiodSeasonalityTemperatureWeather

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

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08:36

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Published on: August 8, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Human Physiology
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Physical activity levels exhibit seasonal patterns, influencing research findings.
  • Understanding and accounting for seasonal variations is crucial in physical activity research.
  • Existing methods may not fully capture the continuous nature of seasonal influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a continuous measure for astronomical seasonal phase.
  • To provide a method for adjusting seasonal phase variation in physical activity research.
  • To enhance the precision and reproducibility of physical activity studies.

Main Methods:

  • Characterizing seasonal phase variation as a sinusoidal waveform.
  • Developing a continuous measure based on astronomical seasonal phase.
  • Applying the measure to adjust for seasonal confounding in physical activity data.

Main Results:

  • The proposed continuous measure can be positively associated with between- and within-person differences in physical activity.
  • Adjusting for seasonal phase variation is shown to reduce confounding.
  • Increased precision of effect sizes and improved reproducibility are anticipated.

Conclusions:

  • A continuous measure of astronomical seasonal phase offers a valuable tool for physical activity research.
  • This method can mitigate seasonal confounding, leading to more robust findings.
  • The approach is applicable across observational, longitudinal, and experimental study designs.