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Distinct Metabolic Fates of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q in Rice under Root and Foliar Exposure Pathways.

Li Li1,2, Shuotao Zhou1, Yongqing Xiong1

  • 1College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
|July 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Tire chemicals N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its quinone (6PPD-Q) accumulate in rice. Rice metabolizes these toxins differently depending on whether they enter through roots or leaves, impacting food chain risks.

Keywords:
6PPD6PPD-QExposure routesMetabolic pathwayTransform pathway

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Plant Science
  • Ecotoxicology

Background:

  • Tire wear particles release toxic N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its quinone (6PPD-Q).
  • The accumulation and metabolic fate of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q in rice paddies are not well understood.
  • Understanding these processes is crucial for assessing food-chain risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the uptake and biotransformation of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q in rice plants.
  • To compare metabolic pathways under root versus foliar exposure.
  • To elucidate the impact on rice physiology and food-chain transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Rice plants were exposed to 6PPD and 6PPD-Q via roots and leaves.
  • Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were measured in roots and shoots.
  • Metabolomic analysis, molecular docking, enzyme activity assays, and gene expression were used to identify metabolic pathways.
  • Phase I (oxidation) and Phase II (conjugation) metabolic pathways were investigated.

Main Results:

  • Both 6PPD and 6PPD-Q were absorbed by rice roots and leaves.
  • Root exposure led to Phase I oxidation, while foliar exposure promoted Phase II conjugation.
  • Enzyme levels increased significantly (cytochrome P450 monooxygenase by 12.5%-20.7%, glutathione S-transferase by 16.0%-59.0%).
  • Root exposure induced systemic metabolic responses, including root inhibition and compensatory adjustments in leaves.

Conclusions:

  • Rice plants can uptake and metabolize 6PPD and 6PPD-Q through both root and foliar pathways.
  • Distinct metabolic routes are activated depending on the exposure pathway.
  • These findings highlight potential food-chain risks associated with multiroute exposure of rice to tire-derived contaminants.