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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases
03:22

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases

Published on: March 1, 2024

Bacterial profile and antimicrobial resistance in patients with pulmonary infection: a retrospective tertiary

Jargaltulga Ulziijargal1,2, Ekaterina Faermark1, Usukhbayar Khenchbish1

  • 1School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 13301, Mongolia.

BMC Infectious Diseases
|July 2, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Pulmonary infections in Mongolia show high rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii being common pathogens. This highlights significant challenges in treatment and the urgent need for better infection control.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Pulmonary infections are a leading cause of illness and death globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is escalating, limiting treatment options and increasing healthcare costs.
  • Data on AMR in Mongolian tertiary care settings for pulmonary infections are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the bacterial pathogens causing pulmonary infections in Mongolia.
  • To analyze antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns, including multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) phenotypes.
  • To investigate clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with these infections.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective descriptive study of patients with pulmonary disorders from 2023-2024 at Mongolia-Japan Hospital.
  • Analysis of respiratory specimens and electronic medical records (EMR).
  • Classification of AMR based on CDC/ECDC criteria; inclusion of only the first isolate per patient per hospitalization.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial pathogens identified in 78.0% of 354 patients.
  • Most common pathogens: Klebsiella pneumoniae (36.2%), Acinetobacter baumannii (17.0%), MRSA (10.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.2%).
  • High AMR rates: 73.3% of MRSA were MDR, 31.9% of Acinetobacter baumannii were PDR. Cardiovascular disease patients had higher odds of MDR isolates. All-cause mortality was higher in culture-positive patients.

Conclusions:

  • Gram-negative bacteria, especially K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii, are prevalent in Mongolian pulmonary infections with significant AMR.
  • The high prevalence of MDR/XDR pathogens presents major therapeutic challenges.
  • Enhanced infection control, antimicrobial stewardship, and surveillance are crucial.
Keywords:
Acinetobacter baumanniiKlebsiella pneumoniaeAntimicrobial resistanceBacterial profilePulmonary infections

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