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Microfabrication of Implantable Optics Integrated in a Microstructured Imaging Window for Advanced In Vivo Imaging
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Extended-depth-of-focus Fresnel zone plate via genetic algorithm and photothermal lithography.

Shiqi Luo, Ziliang Huang, Osama A Rana

    Optics Express
    |July 2, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed an extended-depth-of-focus Fresnel zone plate (EFZP) that significantly improves the focal region length. This diffractive optical element offers stable axial intensity for advanced optical applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs)

    Background:

    • Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) are essential diffractive optical elements (DOEs).
    • Traditional FZPs suffer from a limited depth of focus (DOF), hindering applications needing stable axial intensity.
    • Extended DOF is crucial for stable performance in various optical systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate an extended-depth-of-focus Fresnel zone plate (EFZP).
    • To achieve an elongated focal region without additional optical components.
    • To optimize EFZP design for enhanced axial depth and controlled transverse focusing.

    Main Methods:

    • Genetic algorithm (GA) optimization for EFZP design.
    • Fabrication using a two-step process: direct laser writing on phase change material thin films and selective wet etching.
    • Characterization of fabrication accuracy and experimental verification using a wide-field microscopy system.

    Main Results:

    • The optimized EFZP demonstrated an extended DOF of 67.62 µm at 0.532 µm wavelength.
    • Achieved an improvement of nearly 60× in DOF compared to traditional FZPs.
    • Fabrication accuracy confirmed with dimensional deviations below 5%.
    • Experimental results showed strong agreement with numerical simulations, confirming stable focusing.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed EFZP offers a significantly elongated focal region with stable axial intensity.
    • The GA optimization and fabrication method provide a robust framework for high-performance DOEs.
    • This work extends the capabilities of direct laser writing systems for compact diffractive optics.