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Range-resolved water temperature measurement using Raman LiDAR with multiplexed excitation.

O Kitzler, C J Taylor, Z Li

|July 2, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates remote temperature profiling in water up to 50 meters using multiplexed blue laser diodes. This Raman spectroscopy method achieves high accuracy for underwater temperature measurements.

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Environmental Sensing
Spectroscopy

Background:

Accurate temperature profiling is crucial for understanding aquatic environments.
Traditional methods for underwater temperature measurement can be invasive or limited in scope.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a remote sensing technique for measuring temperature profiles in water.
To assess the accuracy and depth resolution of the proposed method.

Main Methods:

Utilizing time-multiplexed blue gallium-nitride laser diodes with separated wavelengths as the excitation source.
Collecting elastic and Raman scattering returns using a dual-channel detector system.
Calibrating the ratio of Raman measurements for temperature retrieval and elastic measurements for attenuation correction.

Main Results:

Successfully achieved remote temperature measurements in clear water up to 50 meters.
Demonstrated temperature accuracy better than 0.5 °C at 10 meters and 1 °C at 50 meters.
Achieved depth resolution ranging from 0.5 to 4 meters using 5 ns excitation pulses.

Conclusions:

The developed Raman spectroscopy technique offers a viable non-contact method for underwater temperature profiling.
The system shows promise for applications requiring precise monitoring of thermal gradients in aquatic systems.
Further optimization could enhance accuracy and depth resolution for broader environmental applications.