Engineering Functional Graphenic Materials for Bone Repair

Graphene oxide (GO), a chemically versatile and biocompatible derivative of graphene, has emerged as a highly promising material in the field of bone tissue engineering. This review explores the multifaceted role of GO and other functional graphenic materials (FGMs) in supporting bone regeneration by enhancing osteogenesis, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and biomineralization. We begin by detailing the physiological principles of bone healing, current clinical approaches to bone repair, and the limitations they present. The discussion then progresses through the chemical foundations of GO and its derivatives, emphasizing their unique surface chemistry and tunable reactivity that enable precise functionalization for biomedical applications. Finally, we highlight the potential of FGM-based composites, with integrated biological molecules, polymers, and small organic compounds, to serve as bioactive, bioresorbable scaffolds that support bone growth and integration. By bridging material science with regenerative medicine, this review underscores the importance of GO as a versatile platform for next-generation bone regeneration strategies.