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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

16S ribosomal RNA modification drives transcript-specific translation efficiency.

Zachory M Park, Christina R Savage, Amanda R Decker-Farrell

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |July 2, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A bacterial enzyme, MraW, modifies ribosomal RNA to improve protein production. Loss of MraW function in Bacillus subtilis reveals how specific mRNA structures control translation, impacting cell processes like sporulation.

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    Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

    Published on: May 17, 2014

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

    Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
    10:37

    Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

    Published on: May 10, 2018

    Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling
    12:57

    Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling

    Published on: December 21, 2017

    Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
    10:56

    Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

    Published on: May 17, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Bacterial molecular biology
    • Ribosome biogenesis and function
    • Gene regulation

    Background:

    • Conserved nucleotide modifications on bacterial ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) play crucial roles in ribosomal function, though their specific impacts are often unclear.
    • MraW (RsmH) is a methyltransferase that modifies 16S rRNA, contributing to the fine-tuning of ribosomal activity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the functional consequences of MraW-mediated 16S rRNA modification.
    • To elucidate the role of MraW in regulating gene expression and cellular processes, specifically sporulation in *Bacillus subtilis*.

    Main Methods:

    • Genetic analysis of a loss-of-function *mraW* allele in *Bacillus subtilis*.
    • Biochemical characterization of ribosomes from wild-type and Δ*mraW* cells, including translation efficiency assays.
    • Analysis of *cmpA* mRNA structure and its influence on translation.
    • Proteomic analysis to identify MraW-regulated proteins.

    Main Results:

    • A loss-of-function mutation in *mraW* corrected a sporulation defect by altering translational regulation.
    • Ribosomes from Δ*mraW* cells showed reduced translation efficiency (approximately 2-fold).
    • MraW deficiency led to decreased levels of the sporulation checkpoint protein CmpA, regulated by mRNA structure.
    • Proteomic data indicated MraW influences the production of various proteins, some with structured mRNAs.

    Conclusions:

    • MraW-mediated 16S rRNA modification generally enhances translation efficiency.
    • Specific mRNA structures, particularly 5' untranslated regions and stem-loops, can impose translational control dependent on ribosome modification.
    • mRNA structure and rRNA modifications likely co-evolved to precisely regulate protein dosage, especially in bacteria with uncoupled transcription-translation.