Enabling Technologies in Vascular Biology: Microphysiological Systems, Organoids, and Beyond

Area of Science:

• Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine
• Cardiovascular Research
• Vascular Biology and Pathology

Background:

• Vascular and cardiovascular diseases are primary global mortality causes.
• Understanding complex intercellular interactions and therapeutic efficacy remains challenging.
• Existing 2D cell models have limitations in replicating the human vascular microenvironment.

Purpose of the Study:

• To critically review cutting-edge in vitro and ex vivo technologies for vascular biology and pathology.
• To highlight advancements in bioengineering for modeling vascular diseases.
• To identify challenges and knowledge gaps in current research methodologies.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on advanced bioengineering techniques.
• Focus on 3D, mechanically dynamic models and microphysiological systems.
• Inclusion of organoids and bioprinting for reconstructing vascular microenvironments.

Main Results:

• Bioengineering has yielded powerful tools to replicate vascular microenvironments in vitro and ex vivo.
• 3D and dynamic models offer improved predictability for studying vascular pathologies and therapies.
• Techniques like microphysiological systems, organoids, and bioprinting are advancing vascular disease modeling.

Conclusions:

• Bioengineered in vitro and ex vivo models represent significant progress in studying vascular diseases.
• These advanced models enhance the study of complex cellular interactions and therapeutic outcomes.
• Further research is needed to address existing challenges and knowledge gaps in these technologies.