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Related Concept Videos

Capillaries and Their Types01:20

Capillaries and Their Types

Capillaries, a crucial constituent of the circulatory system, are diminutive vessels with a diameter between 5–10 micrometers, accommodating perfusion to the tissues through the phenomenon known as microcirculation. Through their permeable walls, consisting of an endothelial layer ensconced by a basement membrane and sporadically dispersed smooth muscle fibers, the exchange of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid becomes plausible. Variance in wall composition exists, with...
Capillary Beds01:20

Capillary Beds

Capillary beds are networks of tiny blood vessels that play a crucial role in the circulatory system. These beds are where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products occurs between the blood and surrounding tissues. Each capillary bed consists of numerous capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body, typically only one cell-thick. This thinness allows for the efficient diffusion of substances.
Capillaries connect arterioles, small branches of arteries, to venules,...
Overview of the Vascular System01:20

Overview of the Vascular System

The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...
Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
Venules01:08

Venules

Venules are an integral part of the microscopic circulatory system that bridges the gap between capillaries and veins.
Venules are much smaller in diameter compared to their larger counterparts, the veins. They are generally 8 to 100 micrometers in diameter, significantly smaller than the size of veins. The walls of venules are thin, consisting of the endothelium, a thin layer of connective tissue, and occasionally a few smooth muscle cells. This structural simplicity is a stark contrast...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Quantifying Pulmonary Microvascular Density in Mice Across Lobules
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Quantifying Pulmonary Microvascular Density in Mice Across Lobules

Published on: January 3, 2025

Endothelial Continuum and Capillary Specialization in Pulmonary Vascular Development.

Amanda Ceas1, Anastasia Jimenez2, Yun Liu1

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. (A.C., Y.L., M.D.N., L.V.E.).

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
|July 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Pulmonary vascular development involves specialized endothelial cells forming distinct capillary types, influenced by location and blood flow. This research redefines our understanding of lung vascular specialization.

Keywords:
capillariesendothelial cellsendotheliummorphogenesissingle-cell gene expression analysis

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Implantation of Fibrin Gel on Mouse Lung to Study Lung-specific Angiogenesis
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Quantifying Pulmonary Microvascular Density in Mice Across Lobules
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Quantifying Pulmonary Microvascular Density in Mice Across Lobules

Published on: January 3, 2025

Implantation of Fibrin Gel on Mouse Lung to Study Lung-specific Angiogenesis
07:52

Implantation of Fibrin Gel on Mouse Lung to Study Lung-specific Angiogenesis

Published on: December 21, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary vascular development
  • Endothelial cell biology
  • Transcriptomics and spatial biology

Background:

  • Lung vascularization is crucial for gas exchange, involving complex endothelial cell growth and specialization.
  • Recent transcriptomic studies reveal endothelial cells exist on an arteriovenous spectrum with region-specific identities.
  • Heterogeneity within alveolar capillaries, like capillary endothelial cell type 1 and type 2, is newly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on pulmonary vascular morphogenesis and endothelial cell specialization.
  • To discuss the role of transcriptomics and spatial context in vascular development.
  • To explore how emerging imaging technologies can link molecular identity with spatial organization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent single-cell and spatial transcriptomic studies.
  • Analysis of factors influencing macrovascular and microvascular identity, including vessel caliber and flow.
  • Discussion of advancements in imaging platforms for studying cellular behavior.

Main Results:

  • Endothelial cells exhibit transcriptional diversity along an arteriovenous axis.
  • Distinct capillary endothelial cell populations emerge in the alveolar microvasculature.
  • Positional context, vessel size, and blood flow significantly impact endothelial cell identity.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial specialization during lung development is a dynamic process involving transcriptional and spatial cues.
  • Understanding endothelial heterogeneity is key to comprehending pulmonary vascular morphogenesis.
  • Future research integrating molecular and spatial data will advance the field.