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Related Concept Videos

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II01:09

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II

Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients, maintaining...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I01:13

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I

Compendial dissolution methods are standardized procedures defined by pharmacopeias to evaluate the rate at which a drug dissolves in a specific medium. These methods ensure batch-to-batch consistency, enable quality control, and support the prediction of drug bioavailability. They are critical for both immediate and modified-release drug products.The apparatuses used for dissolution testing differ in their design and mechanical function, but all aim to simulate the physiological environment of...
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
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In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

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Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions01:29

Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions

Nonideal liquid solutions, also known as real solutions, do not strictly follow Raoult's law. Raoult's law is a rule of thumb in physical chemistry. However, not all mixtures adhere to this law due to varying molecular interactions. For example, in an acetone/chloroform solution, the individual vapor pressures of the components are lower than expected, resulting in a total vapor pressure below that predicted by Raoult's law, causing a negative deviation.On the other hand, in an ethanol/water...
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Potentiometric titration is a quantitative analytical technique that determines the concentration of an analyte by measuring the potential difference between the two electrodes in the solution. The endpoint of a potentiometric titration is the point at which there is a significant change in the potential difference. It occurs when the stoichiometric reaction between the analyte and the titrant is complete. The endpoint is usually determined graphically by plotting the measured potential...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
09:50

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

Published on: June 28, 2017

A High-Throughput Platform for Measuring and Predicting Vitrification Behavior in Multicomponent Aqueous Solutions.

Nima Ahmadkhani1, Cameron Sugden1, Euihyun Lee2

  • 1School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|July 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a rapid, automated platform to determine the optimal concentration of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) for vitrification. The new method significantly speeds up cryopreservation research and aids in designing safer, more effective CPA formulations.

Keywords:
384-well plate assaycryopreservationcryoprotectantglass formationhigh-throughput screeningice formationmixture modelingvitrification

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Area of Science:

  • Cryobiology
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Cryopreservation relies on cryoprotective agents (CPAs) to prevent ice formation.
  • Limited data exist on the critical CPA concentration for vitrification (Cv).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-throughput platform for rapid Cv determination.
  • To investigate factors influencing vitrification behavior.
  • To create a predictive model for CPA formulations.

Main Methods:

  • A 384-well automated liquid handling platform with randomized layouts.
  • A binary-search strategy for efficient Cv determination.
  • Analysis of ~200 CPA compositions and environmental boundary conditions.

Main Results:

  • The platform achieved a ~50-fold increase in throughput, reducing measurement time from a year to a week.
  • Sealed plates demonstrated lower Cv than open plates, indicating improved vitrification.
  • Cv decreased with increasing CPA molecular weight, suggesting larger molecules are more effective ice suppressors.
  • A predictive mixture model accurately estimated Cv for complex CPA mixtures (R² ≥ 0.93).

Conclusions:

  • The developed platform enables rapid and efficient determination of CPA concentrations for vitrification.
  • Environmental conditions and CPA molecular properties significantly impact vitrification.
  • A predictive model facilitates the rational design of low-toxicity CPA formulations near their vitrification threshold.