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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling
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Published on: August 5, 2016

Continental breakup-driven uplift instigated East Antarctic Ice Sheet formation.

Thomas M Gernon1,2, Thea K Hincks1, Philip Goodwin1

  • 1School of Ocean & Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 2, 2026
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Summary

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Published on: April 20, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Geodynamics
  • Ice Sheet Dynamics

Background:

  • The glaciation of Antarctica around 34 million years ago (Ma) is debated due to seemingly warm Eocene climates.
  • While declining CO2 is a known factor, other drivers of Antarctic ice sheet formation are explored.
  • Previous research has not fully integrated topographic changes with ice sheet nucleation models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of regional topographic uplift in the nucleation of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS).
  • To test the hypothesis that Jurassic continental breakup and mantle feedbacks influenced Eocene uplift and subsequent glaciation.
  • To reconcile early Oligocene polar warmth with the initiation of the modern icehouse state.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of geodynamic-topographic models with ice sheet and energy balance models.
  • Simulations of progressive plateau growth in East Antarctica, including the Gamburtsev Mountains uplift.
  • Analysis of landscape elevation changes relative to the threshold for ice sheet nucleation.

Main Results:

  • Progressive plateau growth and Eocene uplift of the Gamburtsev Mountains raised East Antarctic landscapes above the ice nucleation threshold by ~45 Ma.
  • This topographic threshold enabled EAIS nucleation and growth even under warmer-than-expected climatic conditions.
  • The findings explain hemispheric asymmetry in early glaciation patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Regional topographic uplift, driven by deep Earth processes, was a critical factor enabling East Antarctic glaciation.
  • Uplift provided a necessary condition for ice sheet formation, complementing the effects of CO2 decline.
  • This study reconciles the apparent paradox of early Oligocene polar warmth with the onset of major glaciation.