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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
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Tomographic imaging of superconducting order using particle-hole interference.

Archisman Panigrahi1, Vladislav Poliakov1, Leonid Levitov1

  • 1Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed Superconducting Order Parameter Tomography (SOPT) to image the phase winding of superconducting order parameters. This new scanning tunneling microscopy technique reveals exotic symmetries and topological properties in superconductors.

Keywords:
phase windingquasiparticle interferencescanning tunneling microscopytopological superconductivitytunneling conductance

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Superconductivity Research
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Superconducting phases with symmetries distinct from their crystal lattice are of significant research interest.
  • Detecting the order parameter symmetry and topology of superconductors is a persistent challenge.
  • While scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) reveals superconducting gap nodes, it cannot access order parameter phase winding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique for imaging superconducting order parameter phase winding.
  • To enable the reconstruction of the momentum-space structure of the superconducting gap function.
  • To provide a method for distinguishing between competing superconducting order parameter candidates.

Main Methods:

  • Exploiting Young-type quasiparticle interference patterns generated by pairs of impurities acting as beam splitters.
  • Utilizing Superconducting Order Parameter Tomography (SOPT), which analyzes the response of Bogoliubov quasiparticle interference patterns to impurity configuration rotations.
  • Applying SOPT to Strontium Ruthenate to differentiate between potential superconducting order parameters.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that STM can access superconducting order parameter phase winding information.
  • Developed SOPT for reconstructing the momentum-space gap function structure.
  • Showcased SOPT's ability to distinguish between competing order parameter candidates in Strontium Ruthenate.

Conclusions:

  • Superconducting Order Parameter Tomography (SOPT) provides access to phase winding information previously inaccessible by STM.
  • SOPT enables the reconstruction of the superconducting gap function's momentum-space structure.
  • This particle-hole interference-based method offers a new imaging modality for identifying unconventional and topological superconductivity.