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Related Concept Videos

Ionization Energy03:12

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
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Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences

Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is a highly selective and sensitive technique for accurate elemental analysis. Though the analysis of ICP–MS mass spectra is comparatively straightforward, it is affected by spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences. Spectroscopic interferences arise when the plasma contains ionic species with an m/z value the same as the analyte ion. Spectroscopic interference can be categorized as isobaric, polyatomic ions, and refractory oxide ion...
Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then passed on to...
Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...

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Comparing first ionization potential bias diagnostics in the solar atmosphere.

Kristena D Spruksta1, David M Long1, Andy S H To2

  • 1School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University Faculty of Science & Health , Dublin, Ireland.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|July 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The first ionization potential (FIP) effect reveals differences in solar atmospheric plasma composition. Analyzing FIP bias with different signal-to-noise ratios shows median values are stable, emphasizing a nuanced diagnostic approach.

Keywords:
elemental compositionsolar activitysolar coronal dynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Solar physics
  • Plasma astrophysics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • The solar atmosphere exhibits distinct plasma compositions between the photosphere and corona, a phenomenon known as the first ionization potential (FIP) effect.
  • The FIP effect quantifies elemental abundance differences, specifically the ratio of low to high FIP elements, termed FIP bias.
  • Observed FIP bias values vary across solar regions: ~1 in coronal holes, ~1.5-2 in the quiet Sun, and ~3 in active regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare FIP bias between the quiet Sun and active regions using multiple diagnostics observed by the Hinode/EIS instrument.
  • To investigate the impact of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) cut-off values on FIP bias measurements.
  • To assess the reliability and interpretation of FIP bias as a solar atmospheric diagnostic.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) onboard the Hinode spacecraft.
  • Analyzed three FIP bias diagnostics: Si X/S X, Ca XIV/Ar XIV, and Fe XVI/S XIII line pairs.
  • Applied various signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) cut-off values to pixel data for comparative analysis.

Main Results:

  • FIP bias measurements were compared between quiet Sun and active regions using multiple spectral line pairs.
  • Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) cut-offs influenced the number of usable pixels but did not significantly alter the median FIP bias.
  • Higher SNR cut-offs excluded high FIP bias values, while lower cut-offs retained them, affecting the distribution's tail.

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights the necessity of a nuanced approach to interpreting FIP bias, moving beyond a one-size-fits-all method.
  • Median FIP bias values remain robust across different SNR cut-offs, suggesting reliability in this core metric.
  • Understanding the impact of data processing choices, like SNR cut-offs, is crucial for accurate solar atmospheric abundance studies.