Mapping the analytical toolbox for next-generation adjuvant immunology: A bibliometric analysis of characterization...

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of next-generation immunomodulatory adjuvants (NIAs) and advanced immune characterisation research from 2006 to 2025, aiming to delineate the global landscape, thematic structure, and emerging frontiers in adjuvant immunology. A total of 8637 unique publications retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus were analysed using bibliometric, network, and co-occurrence approaches. The results show a sharp surge in research output since 2020, driven by mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine development, with the United States and China emerging as dual global research hubs. Publications are distributed across five disciplinary domains centred on general/vaccine immunology, and institutional collaboration forms three major clusters dominated by the U.S., China, and Europe-Oceania respectively. Co-citation and keyword analyses reveal lipid nanoparticle/cGAS-STING signalling and mRNA vaccine/COVID-19 as the core mechanistic and translational axes. Advanced techniques including single-cell RNA sequencing, proteomics, and flow cytometry serve as critical bridges connecting adjuvant engineering to immune mechanism dissection. To our knowledge, this study represents the first systematic, data-driven mapping of the analytical technique landscape in next-generation adjuvant research. We uncover a previously unrecognised design-characterisation-mechanism-translation pipeline, revealing how advanced characterisation tools serve as the critical bridge between biomaterial engineering and immune mechanism dissection. These findings not only chart the intellectual structure of this rapidly expanding field but also provide a strategic roadmap for analytical chemists aiming to develop next-generation methodologies for adjuvant characterisation and programmable immunomodulation.